ABSTRACT:
Most of our current knowledge of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere ofVenus
has corne from the various aeronomy experiments on the Pioneer Venus Orbiter
(PVO) which was inserted into a highly eccentric orbit around Venus on
Decernber 4, 1978. The PVO provided ionospheric data till Oct. 7, 1992
after which it entered the dense atrnosphere and incinerated. We now know
that Venus has an extended atmosphere with C02 dominating in the lower
thermosphere and O and He at higher altitudes. The atmosphere is not very
sensitive to solar EUV variability with the exospheric temperature changing
only by about 60 K over a solar cycle. In the upper ionosphere, major
ion is 0+ above about 200 km, but lower down 02+ dominates and forms the
main ionospheric peak around 150 km. The ionosphere responds very strongly
to changes in solar activity and solar zenith angle. The planet has no
intrinsic magnetic field and therefore the solar wind interacts directly
with its ionosphere resulting in a sharp density gradient (called the
ionopause), above the top of the ionosphere. In spite of the long Venus
night, a substantial nightside ionosphere exists mainly due to transterminator
flow of 0' from the dayside during solar maximurn. During solar minimum,
electron precipitation provides an equal or higher contribution to the
maintenance.
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