In broad classes of inflationary models the period of accelerated expansion is followed
by fragmentation of the inflaton scalar field into localized, long-lived, and massive
oscillon excitations. We demonstrate that matter dominance of oscillons, followed by
their rapid decay, significantly enhances the primordial gravitational wave (GW)
spectrum. These oscillon-induced GWs, sourced by second-order perturbations, are
distinct and could be orders of magnitude lower in frequency than the previously
considered GWs associated with oscillon formation. We show that detectable
oscillon-induced GW signatures establish direct tests independent from cosmic microwave
background radiation for regions of parameter space of monodromy, and logarithmic and
pure natural (plateau) potential classes of inflationary models, among others. We
demonstrate that oscillon-induced GWs in a model based on pure natural inflation could
be directly observable with the Einstein Telescope, Cosmic Explorer, and DECIGO. These
signatures offer a new route for probing the underlying inflationary physics.